Civil Engineering Pesonal Statement Essay Example for Free

Civil Engineering Pesonal Statement Essay It was this quote by Theodore von Karman in my high school physics book that sparked my interest in engineering. Engineering allows for the designing and constructing of structures that most people could only dream of but they could not live without. From bridges spanning oceans to connect countries to artificial islands on which building complexes can provide housing for thousands of people. This notion is what made me want to become an engineer. I have always been interested mathematics and science since grade school, but it was in high school that my curiosity flourished when I joined an engineering program. There I learned about the different fields like electrical, structural, and robotics. But it was civil engineering that I pursued. Something that became evident when we were given the chance to build bridges from balsa wood which strengths would later be tested. Although my bridge was not the strongest, it was in the top five and the most aesthetically pleasing out of the twenty bridges that participated. That experience was enough to make me decide to pursue a career in civil engineering. Later when I entered college and began to take courses working towards my degree, I learned more about emerging new technologies which could benefit both the people and the planet alike. I am concerned about environmental issues which our world is currently facing and hope to use engineering to resolve these problems while also improving peoples lives. My mathematical skills also developed and I relish the opportunity of using these mathematical techniques to solve real-life problems. Studying further mathematics has proved more demanding than I anticipated, but I have found the extra challenge very rewarding. Furthermore, it has shown me the extent to which mathematics is ultimately present in every aspect of our lives. I am involved in extracurricular activities. In 2010 I joined Sigma Alpha Lambda a national leadership and honors organization and their local chapter. With them I have participated in Relay for Life and Food Fight Against Hunger. Two national initiatives aimed at fundraising and bringing awareness to cancer and hunger respectively. For Relay for Life I helped to decorate our team campsite according to the theme that year and for Food Fight Against Hunger I helped collect can foods as well as monetary donations. Outside of school I am also involved in my church. There I serve as a Sabbath School teacher for children in pre-K and kindergarten and as a general volunteer. My responsibilities range from helping the children learn songs to helping organize a blood drive, but also as a congregation we go visit elderly folks in a retirement home and volunteer at a shelter to feed the homeless on a monthly basis. Engineering offers us the chance to make the world a better, safer and more exciting place; this is what attracts me to the subject. I am confident that the challenges offered by civil engineering appeal to me and will inspire me to do great things. Engineering has always been fundamental in developing the world and is a field in which I would love to be involved.

John Philip Sousa :: essays research papers

JOHN PHILIP SOUSA John Philip Sousa was born in 1854, the third child of ten. He was born in Washington, D.C. His parents were immigrants. John Antonio Sousa was his dad. He was originally from Spain, even though his parents were Portugese in origin. His mom, Maria Elisabeth Trinkhaus came to America from Bavaria. John was a talented youngster. At the tender age of 6 he was studying music. He learned to play many types of instruments; the violin, piano, cornet, alto horn, flute, baritone. Like his father, who played the trombone in the U.S. Marines Band, John, too, learned to play the trombone. John also spent time studying voice. John was a rather mischevious teen. At the age of 13 John tried to run away to join the circus. Dad was not all that impressed with John and made him enlist in the Marines. While in the service he published "Moonlight on the Potomac Waltzes". That was his first published composition and the beginning of a very successful career. After spending 8 years in the Marines, he was discharged. John found the love of his life in 1879. Jane van Middleworth Bellis became Mrs. John Philip Sousa that year. Together they travelled to Europe four times. On one voyage back, John was inspired to write the "Stars and Stripes Forever". Three of their trips to Europe were for performances, another trip was as a vacation. While they were on vacation Sousa's promoter, David Blakely died. In 1892 John named his band "Sousa's New Marine Band". Needless to say, Washington was not pleased with the name and Sousa had to rename his band. He had a couple of great tours with the Marine Band but was convinced to go into the civilian sector to create another band. As stated earlier, Sousa was a prolific writer. He wrote 135 songs and conducted many , many more. His most memorable song was "Stars and Stripes Forever". It is song that many children remember by singing " be kind to your web-footed friends...". In his lengthy career he conducted over 100 operettas, 11 suites, and 2 concert pieces. Not a man to sit on the sidelines for long. Sousa joined the Naval Reserves at the ripe old age of 62. He sure was not in it for money. He went in as a lieutenant and only made a buck a month. It was only World War I.

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THE CERTIFICATE OF ADMINISTRATION TRAVEL, TOURISM & HOSPITALITY (CATTH) CERTIFICATE OF ADMINISTRATION IN TRAVEL, TOURISM & HOSPITALITY (CATTH) 1. Philosophy The Certificate in administration in Travel Tourism and Hospitality is designed to develop young Namibians to effectively manage the countries tourism resources to ensure sustained growth of the industry. The course appeals to staff already working in the field and those aspiring to join the industry as employees or operators to its relevance and practical approach.The course prepares students for a role that will ensure adequate human resource to manage the growing tourism industry in Namibia and abroad. The course will give the student the necessary skills to work or operate in a very demanding environment. It will enable graduates to advance to the Higher Certificate in Travel Tourism and Hospitality or gain meaningful employment, start own operation or act as a tourism consultant. 2. Programme Outcomes By the time the graduat e finishes the Certificate of Administration, he/she will be equipped with knowledge, skills and requisite attitude to effectively operate to work in the tourism industry. . Objectives (Purpose) ? By the end of the course, the student will be expected to appreciate tourism industry and the context in which it operates. ? To get the student to understand concepts in Travel Tourism and Hospitality. ? Understand the role of marketing and communication in travel tourism and hospitality. ? To give students the theory and practice of administration and accounting systems in travel tourism and hospitality. ? Appreciation of the role of government in managing tourism resources. 4. Enrolment Standards (Admission Requirements):To be registered for any of the courses, candidates must: Hold HIGCSE senior certificate in four subjects with 1- 4 symbols OR Hold a Grade 12 senior certificate (IGCSE) with a minimum of C symbol in English Language, a pass in Mathematics and a C symbol in three other subjects totaling twenty five points or more OR Enter through flexible learning path – mature age/prior learning with five years relevant experience in various fields of world of work. Apart from a valid IGCSE 22 certificate, applicants must also have attained a minimum of 25 points on the IUM evaluation scale.Please note that achievement of these requirements will not automatically guarantee a place on the degree course, it will be subject to a successful interview/aptitude test (as required) and availability of places. OR The equivalent of any of the above as determined by Senate. 5. Teaching Methods The students will be expected to be responsible for their own learning, nobody can learn for somebody else. Emphasis will be placed upon the need for a student to read extensively in each of the subjects. The role of the lecturer is to stimulate learning and to support and guide that process.Programmed reading will support these endeavours. A wide range of teaching methods will be employed by lecturers from traditional lectures through to small decision-making groups, as well as the use of training films and videos, and advanced business simulations. 6. Learning Standards Class contributions by the students will be encouraged and the extent to which these contributions conform to the teachings of the Certificate of Administration in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality will be an important facet in the success of the student.Individual assignments will be set by the lecturer every two weeks and should usually exceed the standard of the exam. Like the group assignments these will normally take the form of a duplicated handout, that should be returned with the finished assignment. The student will be expected to carry these out without help. It is in the student’s interest to carry out these tests with integrity. They will be marked anonymously by their fellow students against a given marking plan.The tutors will use these results to monitor student progr ess and to make decisions as to whether the student is ready to sit exams when the time comes. (Students may not sit exams unless the lecturer feels he or she has a good chance of succeeding). 7. Credits System As per international acceptable formula, one (1) credit equates ten (10) notion hours (learning). These hours do not include the hours spent by a student in a class. A first year degree IUM student will, therefore, attract one hundred (100) credits. 8. Course Outline Certificate of Administration (100 Credits) ?Mathematics for Business 33 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Spoken and Business English Computer Literacy Professional Presentations Report Writing Namibian and Regional Economics Introduction to Business Accounting I Business Communications I Introduction to Travel, Tourism and Hospitality 9. Assessment & Evaluation The assessment system comprises two components: ? Continuous Assessment (CA) attracts 40% of the final grade ? Formal Exams (FE) attracts 60% of the final grade. The ev aluation system comprises two components: ? Students will be asked to complete evaluation sheets for each subject studied ?An external evaluator will evaluate the course in terms of course content, teaching methods, course resources and assessments. 10. Articulation IUM subjects articulate from Certificate/Diploma to Certificate/Diploma as per the statement in course contents Faculty will decide if and how course work from qualifications from other institutions will articulate with IUM courses. Appeals may be submitted to Senate 11. Credit Transfer Internal students that apply for advanced standing or credit accumulation or credit transfer will have their cases considered by the relevant faculty.Students from outside IUM will have their cases considered by the relevant faculty. Credit from outside institutions may be awarded up to fifty percent of total credits for any qualification conducted by IUM. Appeals may be submitted to Senate 44 ENG – 111- Professional Presentation N QF Level 5 Module Outcomes: ? ? ? Credits 10 Demonstrate good communication skills: Speech, Listening, written. Apply appropriate visuals in business communication. Employ investigative and interview skills in business situations. Course Content ? Analysing the importance of good speech and associated characteristics in business. Appreciating the values of listening and acquiring useful techniques to make a better listener. ? Learning how professional speeches and presentations are planned and delivered. ? Understanding how to use the telephone effectively and efficiently. ? Learning about the reasons for meetings and interviews taking place in business organisations. ? Appreciating the steps that need to take place for planning successful meetings and interviews. ? Studying different documents required for formal meetings. ? Analysing the types of interviews that take place and the types of questions asked. Learning how to prepare advertisements, job descriptions and press releases . ? Creating advertisements, job descriptions and press releases. ? Appreciating the different types of visual aid equipment that can be used in business communication. ? Studying the use of visuals in business communication. ? Considering how written communication can be enhanced through the use of colour and lettering styles. ENG – 112 – Spoken Business English NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes: ? Explain linguistics concepts and principles. ? Describe communication. ? Explain the purpose and role of seminars.Course Content Linguistics: ? Applied Linguistics ? Pronunciation ? Enunciation ? Grammar 55 Tutorials ? Selection and formulation of tapes ? Effective deliberation tapes ? SWOT Analysis Perception and Application ? ? ? Seminars ? ? ? Purpose of seminars Acceptable conduct in a seminar Seminar presentation How to illustrate communication Barriers to effective communication How to achieve success in communicated speech MTH – 132 – Mathematics f or Business NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes: ? ? ? Credits 10 Calculate basic mathematical models and algebraic computations.Apply BODMAS acronym and its full application. Calculate basic business and financial transactions. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Applying the four rules of whole numbers, fractions and decimals Multiplying and dividing negative numbers Comparing numbers using ratios, proportions and percentages. Obtaining values for simple financial transactions involving purchases, wages, taxation, discounts. Converting foreign currencies Making calculations involving roots and powers Evaluating terms involving a sequence of operations and use of brackets.Approximating data using rounding and significant figures. Solving linear and simple simultaneous equations Determine the equations of a straight line through two points. Determining the gradient and intercept of a straight line Drawing charts and diagrams from tabular data Applying general rule and principles of graphical constructions including axes, choice of scale and zero. Identifying points of importance e. g. maximum, minimum and break-even. Calculating and interpreting summary statistics, namely measures of location 66 mean, mode, median) and measures of dispersion (range, interquartile range and standard deviation) ? Applying the laws of probability to mutually exclusive, independent and dependent events. ENG – 113 – Report Writing NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes: ? ? ? Distinguish and employ various reports. Demonstrate and use clear and concise language. Practice proper report writing skills. Credits 10 Course Content Nature and Purpose of Reports ? ? ? Necessity of reports Formats for writing reports Use of clear and concise language Informative Reports ? ? ?Purpose Situations where used Case studies Analytical reports ? ? ? Purpose Situations where used Case studies Practical Report Writing ? ? ? ? Formulation of Assignment Report presentation Assessment Correspondenc e ? ? ? ? Letters Memos Faxes Orderly in expression of requested opinion 77 Field Activity ? ? Practical like report writing Assessment and evaluation CSE – 135 – Computer Literacy NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes: ? ? Credits 10 Demonstrate computer literacy skills. Illustrate Information Technology appreciation in problem solving. Course Content Introduction to Microcomputers ?Overview of the development of computers ? Multi-user computers – mainframes and minicomputers, personal computers and their configuration. ? Essential PC Hardware, peripherals and software. ? Introduction to the main types of Software. ? Binary codes and the microprocessor ? Types of PCs – their uses and strength ? Introduction to Operating Systems (DOS & Windows) ? Information processing – online, offline processing, real-time, batch processing, single tasking and multitasking ? Current IT issues – open & proprietary systems and compatibility, information systems securi ty. Data communications – Introduction to Networks, central and distributed computing, wide area and global networks. Microsoft Windows ? Navigating the desktop, customising the desktop, file and folder management, installing and de-installing a program ? Logging onto an internet Service Provider or Online service provider, managing the mailbox, email security, using a browser and search engine effectively and downloading pages, refining searches Microsoft Word ? Open a blank document and type text, recognise the toolbars, Ruler Bar, Scroll Bar, Status Bar ? Spell checking, search and replace, thesaurus ?Page set-up, styles and general Formatting 88 ? Creating a tab set, Columns, Tables and Borders/Shading/Page ? Use word Processor Wizard to create a document such as a fax, an invitation or a CV ? Print preview and printing Microsoft Excel ? Start a blank spreadsheet and navigate between workbooks and sheets ? Enter data, change column widths and row heights, Formatting value s, Calculating, creating and understanding formulae, using Math and statistical functions ? Creating and editing charts ? Auto Form Introduction to Presentations ? Create and present a simple show. Keyboarding ?Introduction to the keyboard and basic typing skills ? Introduction to touch typing to be able to acquire at least 35wpm. FIN – 111 – Namibian and Regional Economics NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes: ? ? ? Demonstrate basic economics concepts and principles. Describe economic problems and corresponding economic systems. Explain Namibia’s economic competitive edge over SADC countries. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Analysing the Namibian economic structure (namely, Mining, Agriculture, Fishing, Tourism) infrastructure (Transport and Telecommunication), Banking, Insurance.Analysing the Namibian government structure namely Legislation, Judiciary and Executive. Understanding government development plans of government (NDP 1 & NDP 2) Describing the economi es of Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo) Examining Namibia’s competitiveness in the region and beyond A case study of Namibia’s industrial policy and the export processing zone initiative in particular.Explaining Namibia’s stake in SACU, SADC, COMESA, WTO, and AGOA. 99 SBM – 115 – Introduction to Business I NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes: ? ? ? Distinguish between different types of business in public and private sectors. Compare the processes and strategies used by businesses. Analyse business financials. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? To investigate the purpose and nature of business, looking at the different types of organisations within the Public and Private Sector. Including the activity, size, advantages and disadvantages of a business.To describe the hierarchy and the external influences of both Private and Public Sector companies including conducting a PEST analysis. Researching the services available to organisations including financial services, consultancy services and local government funding. Demonstrate an understanding of how to market a business taking into account the location, marketing mix, product lifecycle, customer needs and relating this to the overall business objective. Demonstrate knowledge of the production processes, quality, stock control and the factors internal and external that affect production within an organisation.Human resource management within a business, to include recruiting, payroll, training and development of employees and health and safety issues. Business finance; being able to demonstrate an understanding of balance sheets and profit and loss accounts within a Public and Private sector organisation. FIN – 1129 – Accounting I NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes: ? ? ? ? Demonstrate basic appreciation of accounting theory and practice. Calculate and use appropriate costing methods to specific business transactions.Practice and illustrate preparation of books of accounts. Interpret financial statements. Course Content ? ? Prepare a trading, profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flow report for sole trader, partnerships and limited liability companies, after taking into account a normal range of adjustment to the trial balance necessary for such preparation. Recognise and apply appropriate accounting conventions to a range of transactions within the context of the accounting regulatory requirements. 10 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Explain and describe the appropriate of account for different types of accounting transactions and be able to prepare a trial balance from these books of account. To prepare and maintain a range of control accounts appropriate to the books of account. To prepare journal entries and deal with the treatment of suspense account items. Operate, calculate and interpret a range of basic fina ncial ratios appropriate to a set of financial statements, particularly in the key areas of profitability, solvency liquidity, asset utilization and investment ratios.Employ the basic principles of cost behaviour cost ascertainment and to be able to: Classify direct overhead allocation summary Prepare an indirect overhead allocation summary Calculate overhead recovery rates by a variety of techniques and to apply these for the purpose of cost compilation. Explain the difference between fixed and variable costs. Calculate the difference between fixed and variable costs. Calculate break-even points of activity and prepare break-even charts. Appreciate and explain the limitations of break-even analysis.Understanding the basic principles of different costing techniques and to be able to: Define the different costing techniques Explain and understand the differences between each technique, and Calculate cost using any of the techniques. Understand the basic principles of capital investme nt appraisal and be able to calculate and interpret figures using the pay back, accounting rate of return or discounted cash flow methods of investment appraisal. BAN – 1117 – Business Communication I NQF Level 5 Credits 10Module Outcomes: ? Illustrate the purpose of Business Communication. ? Explain the communication process using the Communication Theory. ? Demonstrate the communication process in Business Communication. ? Describe the various tools used in Business Communication. Course Content ? ? ? How to write business correspondence including letters, memos and advertisements. The use of business English in written form looking at spelling, paragraphs, presentation of information and appropriate business language used.To learn and understand the basic principals of communication, including learning how to overcome barriers of communication, appropriate channels of communication, the purpose of communication and presentation of self when communicating. 11 11 ? ? To be able to communicate information in the form of graphs, this also includes identifying trends from the data. To learn and understand the different types of technology used within communication and the effects of it on business and the organisation.TTH – 1217 – Intro to Travel, Tourism and Hospitality NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes: ? ? ? Recognize the importance of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality in relation to National Economic Development. Describe and explain the contribution of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality to the National Gross Domestic Product. Comprehend the economic, social/cultural and environmental impacts of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The interrelationship and interdependence between leisure, recreation, travel and tourism.The significance of economic, social, cultural, political and environment trends of patterns of leisure and tourism. The characteristics of different types of tourists and their m otivational behaviour. The supply and demand of tourist travel. The dimensions of the travel system in relation to tourism The main motivational factors that influence the tourist’s choice of travel. Evolution of international travel and transport developments that have affected tourism. The relationship between the development of the inclusive package tour and mass tourism.The basic requirement to development of a tourism destination. The roles of, and the relationships between, the main intermediaries within a simple tour distribution system. Government’s interest and involvement with main public tourism organization at both national and international levels. Future trends within the travel and tourism sectors. Upon successful completion of this course, the student is awarded a Certificate of Administration in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. 12 12

Examining Corporate Debt Restructuring Schemes In Pacific Asia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1244 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Corporate debt restructuring scheme is one of the most preferred strategic for those financial distress companies to take advantage at a lower interest rate. It is a consultation process which involves a series meeting between the debtor and creditor. After that, it moves into the negotiation stage between both parties and then come to the contract stage. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examining Corporate Debt Restructuring Schemes In Pacific Asia" essay for you Create order Before signing the contract, borrowing company must agree to the financial conditions, for instance, terms of the interest, terms of payment and so forth (Article, 2010). The objectives of corporate debt restructuring are to support continuing economic recovery, enable debtors to continue their business operations, and promote fair debt repayment to the creditors. Hence, it is including of debt rescheduling, interest rate reduction, debt for equity swaps and debt forgiveness (Makhija, 2008). However, this corporate debt restructuring considered as the final option for a company before it goes into insolvency. Besides that, there are three popular approaches of corporate debt restructuring scheme to restructuring the debt. The three approaches are centralized, decentralized, and London approach. Government plays as a leading role in this centralized approach. This approach is only suitable for small size of debt and simple corporate structure. Moreover, this model is unsuitable because government is enjoys high levels of confidence while success cases in this approach for large debt complex restructuring was unknown. This approach was conducted in Sweden in the early of 1990 and Hungary in the mid of 1990 (Abd, 2000; Kolkata, n.d.). The second approach, decentralized approach is more effective than the centralized approach. It is more appropriate for those companies which are experienced a large bad debts and complex corporate structure. This approach is an informal and a voluntary process without government involvement. United States was adopted this approach in 1990 (Abd, 2000). Lastly, London approach was a non statutory and informal framework that introduced by the Bank of England in 1990 to handle insolvency. During 1990 recession, more than 160 British companies were conducted London approach (Abd, 2000). London approach encourages creditors in out of court agreements by follow certain principles. The principles are minimized losses to creditors, avoid unnecessary liquidation of viable debtors, and offer continued financial support to viable borrowers (Claessens, n.d.). It tends to rescue a financial distress companies as going concern instead of forcing them into a formal insolvency (Laryea, 2010). Besides that, many Asian countries that had been affected by the Asian financial crisis have practised the corporate restructuring scheme which is similar to London approach. Those countries are Indonesia, Korea, Thailand and Malaysia. 2.4.1 Korea Korea adopted corporate restructuring coordination committee to mediate the disputes between debtors and creditors. Corporate Restructuring Coordination Committee works under the powerful of Financial Supervisory Commission in Korea while it was established in 1998. CRCC workout process was followed to the London approach which is out of court resolution of financial restructuring cases. (Krause, 2000; Pomerleano Shaw, 2005). According to Chan (2002), there are two main causes of the corporate sector inefficiency for Korea to implement corporate debt management and restructuring at the onset of the financial crisis. The first causes was Korea manufacturing firms experienced cash flow shortage due to the excessive and inefficient investment, high leveraged and diversified businesses were financed by debts. Second, non performing loan was burdened the corporate sector and lead to the increasing number of bankruptcies. According to Chan (2002), Corporate Restructuring Coordination Committee had success in lowering the debt to equity ratio and improving interest coverage ratio of the corporate sector after Asian financial crisis. Besides that, the GDP growth rate recovered, interest rate decreased to 5.4 percent from over 19.0 percent, and unemployment rate dropped to 2.7 percent from 6.8 percent after the Asian financial crisis. The improvement has shown that the corporate restructuring contributed significantly to Korea rapid economic recovery. Moreover, due to the economic recovery, Korea was able to repay their IMF loans in August 2001 which is two years and eight months earlier then originally scheduled. However, non performing loans in Korea had significantly decreased from 88.6 percent in 1997 to 24.0 percent in 2001. Debt to equity ratio had trended down from around 4 in 1997 to about 2 in 2001, while interest coverage ratio also had improved (Worldbank, 2002). Thus, resolution of corporate debts in Korea has been satisfy and successful. 2.4.2 Thailand Corporate Debt Restructuring Advisory Committee was formed in June 1998 under the Bank of Thailand. CDRAC was created to mediate formal out of court workouts of non performing loans. However, Thailand was adopted Bangkok approach which is administered by CDRAC. Bangkok approach is a non binding and non statutory guidelines for efficient restructuring of corporate debt for benefits of creditors, debtors, employees, shareholders and Thai economy (Chanyarungrojn, 1999; Nashville Tennessee, 2004). According to Yupana, (2004) debt ratio increased for both business group and non group firms after the Asian financial crisis. For business group firms, the average debt to asset ratio increases from 40 percent in 1996 to 54 percent in the end of 1997. Besides that, the average ratio of total debt to total capital increases from 50 percent in 1996 to 66 percent in 1997. The average ratio of interest coverage ratio also had decreased from 11.65 percent in 1996 to 2.94 percent in 1997. Thus, the profits of business group firms had decreased significantly. CDRAC was restructured totalling of Baht 2.6 trillion in August 1999, while among them, 700 cases were large distressed loans that exceeded baht 500 million. However, CDRAC completed restructured of totalling Baht 1.1 trillion at the end of 2000. Besides that, about 400 non financial companies shown that the corporate debt ratio was declined from 3.2 percent in 1997 to 2.04 percent in the mid of 1999. Generally, corporate debt restructuring was quite effective. 2.4.3 Indonesia Indonesia government established the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency in January 1998 as an independent body to restructure troubled banks and their assets. Indonesian then created Jakarta Initiative in September 1998 to complement the Indonesia Debt Restructuring Agency and amended bankruptcy law. It is a London approach based principles as it involved informal framework that encouraged out of court debt workouts between the debtors and creditors (IMF, 2000; Adams Mathieson, 1999). According to Halim (2000) corporate debt restructuring is one of the important element for economic recovering, however, Indonesia Debt Restructuring Agency has not been successful. Corporate Indonesia is still highly leveraged even after the restructuring process. Debt to equity ratio is remained higher among the restructured firms. A sample of 34 cases which involved the debt of US$8 billion showed that 59 percent were resolved by using the combination of reduced interest rates. Most of the company workout only rescheduled debt, rather than improving internal operations or significantly reducing leveraging (Dfat, n.d.). 2.4.4 Malaysia Malaysia government had come out a new strategy in the mid of 1998 to solve the financial restructuring of banking sectors and corporate sectors. The strategy comprises of three agencies, which is Danaharta, Danamodal and Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee. Danaharta and Danamodal are considered as statutory options, while CDRC is considered as non statutory option (Rajandram, 1999). CDRC is similar to the London approach as it helped to renegotiate and restructure those distress companies with out of court resolution. CDRC had received 75 applicants of restructuring plan in 2000. However, CDRC had resolved 33 cases which are worth RM25.5 billion, while 12 cases worth RM11 billion remained outstanding at the end of 2000. Besides that, the debt of these 33 companies, RM4.6 billion were settled through cash payments, RM4.6 billion in bonds, and RM3.99 billion in financial notes. Thus, the non performing loan had decreased as part of these loans had been turned into performing loans (Aslam, 2005). The success of the out of court debt restructuring strategies depends on the credibility of the mediator and the cooperation among all the parties that involved in the restructuring scheme.